As you have already learned, the Graphics.drawImage method draws an image at a specific location:

boolean Graphics.drawImage(Image img, 
                           int x, int y,
                           ImageObserver observer);

The x,y location specifies the position for the top-left of the image. The observer parameter notifies the application of updates to an image that is loaded asynchronously. The observer parameter is not frequently used directly and is not needed for the BufferedImage class, so it usually is null.

The described method addresses only the case where the entire image is to be drawn, mapping image pixels to user space coordinates 1:1. Sometimes applications require to draw a part of the image (a sub-image), or scale the image to cover a particular area of the drawing surface, or transform or filter the image before drawing.

The overloads of the drawImage() method perform these operations. For example, the following overload of the drawImage() method enables you to draw as much of a specified area of the specified image as is currently available, scaling it to fit inside the specified area of the destination drawable surface:

boolean Graphics.drawImage(Image img,
                           int dstx1, int dsty1, int dstx2, int dsty2,
                           int srcx1, int srcy1, int srcx2, int srcy2,
                           ImageObserver observer);

The src parameters represent the area of the image to copy and draw. The dst parameters display the area of the destination to cover by the the source area. The dstx1, dsty1 coordinates define the location to draw the image. The width and height dimensions on the destination area are calculated by the following expressions: (dstx2-dstx1), (dsty2-dsty1). If the dimensions of the source and destinations areas are different, the Java 2D™ API will scale up or scale down, as needed.

The following code example divides an image into four quadrants and randomly draws each quadrant of the source image into a different quadrant of the destination.

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Note: If you don't see the applet running above, you need to install release 6 of the JDK. The complete code for this applet is in JumbledImageApplet.java. This example uses the following code to paint the jumbled duke_skateboard.jpg image. It iterates over the four sub-images of the source, drawing each in turn into a randomly selected destination quadrant.

        /* divide the image 'bi' into four rectangular areas and draw each
         * of these areas in to a different part of the image, so as to
         * jumble up the image.
         * 'cells' is an array which has been populated with values
         * which redirect drawing of one subarea to another subarea.
         */
        int cellWidth = bi.getWidth(null)/2;
        int cellHeight = bi.getHeight(null)/2;
        for (int x=0; x<2; x++) {
            int sx = x*cellWidth;
            for (int y=0; y<2; y++) {
                int sy = y*cellHeight;
                int cell = cells[x*2+y];
                int dx = (cell / 2) * cellWidth;
                int dy = (cell % 2) * cellHeight;
                g.drawImage(bi,
                            dx, dy, dx+cellWidth, dy+cellHeight,
                            sx, sy, sx+cellWidth, sy+cellHeight,
                            null);
            }
        }

Filtering Images

In addition to copying and scaling images, the Java 2D API also filter an image. Filtering is drawing or producing a new image by applying an algorithm to the pixels of the source image. Image filters can be applied by using the following method:

void Graphics2D.drawImage(BufferedImage img,
                          BufferedImageOp op,
                          int x, int y)

The BufferedImageOp parameter implements the filter. The following applet represents an image drawn on top of text. Drag the slider to show more or less of the text through the image and make the image more or less transparent.

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Note: If you don't see the applet running above, you need to install release 6 of the JDK.

The following code shows how the filter action is done by operating on a BufferedImage object with an alpha channel and rescales that alpha channel by using the RescaleOp object. The alpha channel determines the translucency of each pixel. It also specifies the degree to which this image overwrites.

   /* Create an ARGB BufferedImage */
   BufferedImage img = ImageIO.read(imageSrc);
   int w = img.getWidth(null);
   int h = img.getHeight(null);
   BufferedImage bi = new BufferedImage(w, h, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
   Graphics g = bi.getGraphics();
   g.drawImage(img, 0, 0, null);

   /* Create a rescale filter op that makes the image 50% opaque */
   float[] scales = { 1f, 1f, 1f, 0.5f };
   float[] offsets = new float[4];
   RescaleOp rop = new RescaleOp(scales, offsets, null);

   /* Draw the image, applying the filter */
   g2d.drawImage(bi, rop, 0, 0);

The complete example represented in SeeThroughImageApplet.java includes the code that uses the slider to adjust the transparency from the initial 50%. This example also requires the duke_skateboard.jpg image.

The RescaleOp object is just one of many filters that can be created. The Java 2D API has several built in filters including the following:

• ConvolveOp. Each output pixel is computed from surrounding pixels in the source image. It may be used to blur or sharpen images.
• AffineTransformOp. This filter maps pixels in the source to a different position in the destination by applying a transformation on the pixel location.
• LookupOp. This filter uses an application supplied lookup table to remap pixel colors.
• RescaleOp. This filter multiplies the colors by some factor. Can be used to lighten or darken the image, to increase or reduce its opacity, etc.

The following example uses each of the described filters as well as scaling:

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Note: If you don't see the applet running above, you need to install release 6 of the JDK. The complete code for this applet is in ImageDrawingApplet.java and this applet requires the bld.jpg image.

Use the drop-down menu to select an image scaling or filtering operation.

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